The pie charts compare how a technology company divided its annual budget between five departments in 2015 and 2023.
Overall, the company shifted money towards research and development, mainly at the expense of marketing and salaries. Salaries remained the largest item in both years.
In 2015 salaries took up 40% of the budget, followed by marketing with 22%, research and development with 18% and operations with 15%. By 2023 salaries had fallen to 35%, but they still represented the largest category.
The most significant change was the growth of research and development, which rose from 18% to 30%, so that it overtook marketing and became the second-largest item. Marketing, by contrast, dropped from 22% to 16%, a decrease of 6 percentage points.
The other two categories were broadly stable. Operations slipped by just 1 percentage point, from 15% to 14%, while the other category was unchanged at 5%. Research and development therefore increased by 12 percentage points, which was larger than the combined fall in marketing and salaries, at 11 points.